## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 8: Winsorized Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

In the previous post, we have discussed the trimmed modification of the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator based on the highest density interval of size $$\sqrt{n}/n$$. This quantile estimator showed a decent level of statistical efficiency. However, the research wouldn’t be complete without comparison with the winsorized modification. Let’s fix it!

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 7: Optimal threshold for the trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

In the previous post, we have obtained a nice quantile estimator. To be specific, we considered a trimmed modification of the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator based on the highest density interval of the given size. The interval size is a parameter that controls the trade-off between statistical efficiency and robustness. While it’s nice to have the ability to control this trade-off, there is also a need for the default value, which could be used as a starting point when we have neither estimator breakdown point requirements nor prior knowledge about distribution properties.

After a series of unsuccessful attempts, it seems that I have found an acceptable solution. We should build the new estimator based on $$\sqrt{n}/n$$ order statistics. In this post, I’m going to briefly explain the idea behind the suggested estimator and share some numerical simulations that compare the proposed estimator and the classic Harrell-Davis quantile estimator.

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 6: Continuous trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

In my previous post, I tried the idea of using the trimmed modification of the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator based on the highest density interval of the given width. The width was defined so that it covers exactly k order statistics (the width equals $$(k-1)/n$$). I was pretty satisfied with the result and decided to continue evolving this approach. While “k order statistics” is a good mental model that described the trimmed interval, it doesn’t actually require an integer k. In fact, we can use any real number as the trimming percentage.

In this post, we are going to perform numerical simulations that check the statistical efficiency of the trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator with different trimming percentages.

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 5: Improving trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

During the last several months, I have been experimenting with different variations of the trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator. My original idea of using the highest density interval based on the fixed area percentage (e.g., HDI 95% or HDI 99%) led to a set of problems with overtrimming. I tried to solve them with manually customized trimming strategy, but this approach turned out to be too inconvenient; it was too hard to come up with optimal thresholds. One of the main problems was about the suboptimal number of elements that we actually aggregate to obtain the quantile estimation. So, I decided to try an approach that involves exactly k order statistics. The idea was so promising, but numerical simulations haven’t shown the appropriate efficiency level.

This bothered me the whole week. It sounded so reasonable to trim the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator using exactly k order statistics. Why didn’t this work as expected? Finally, I have found a fatal flaw in my previous approach: while it was a good idea to fix the size of the trimming window, I mistakenly chose its location following the equation from the Hyndman-Fan Type 7 quantile estimator!

In this post, we fix this problem and try another modification of the trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator based on k order statistics and highest density intervals at the same time.

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 4: Adopting trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

In the previous posts, I discussed various aspects of quantile estimators based on k order statistics. I already tried a few weight functions that aggregate the sample values to the quantile estimators (see posts about an extension of the Hyndman-Fan Type 7 equation and about adjusted regularized incomplete beta function). In this post, I continue my experiments and try to adopt the trimmed modifications of the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator to this approach.

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 3: Playing with the Beta function

In the previous two posts, I discussed the idea of quantile estimators based on k order statistics. A already covered the motivation behind this idea and the statistical efficiency of such estimators using the extended Hyndman-Fan equations as a weight function. Now it’s time to experiment with the Beta function as a primary way to aggregate k order statistics into a single quantile estimation!

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 2: Extending Hyndman-Fan equations

In the previous post, I described the idea of using quantile estimators based on k order statistics. Potentially, such estimators could be more robust than estimators based on all samples elements (like Harrell-Davis, Sfakianakis-Verginis, or Navruz-Özdemir) and more statistically efficient than traditional quantile estimators (based on 1 or 2 order statistics). Moreover, we should be able to control this trade-off based on the business requirements (e.g., setting the desired breakdown point).

The only challenging thing here is choosing the weight function that aggregates k order statistics to a single quantile estimation. We are going to try several options, perform Monte-Carlo simulations for each of them, and compare the results. A reasonable starting point is an extension of the traditional quantile estimators. In this post, we are going to extend the Hyndman-Fan Type 7 quantile estimator (nowadays, it’s one of the most popular estimators). It estimates quantiles as a linear interpolation of two subsequent order statistics. We are going to make some modifications, so a new version is going to be based on k order statistics.

Spoiler: this approach doesn’t seem like an optimal one. I’m pretty disappointed with its statistical efficiency on samples from light-tailed distributions. So, what’s the point of writing a blog post about an inefficient approach? Because of the following reasons:

1. I believe it’s crucial to share negative results. Sometimes, knowledge about approaches that don’t work could be more important than knowledge about more effective techniques. Negative results give you a broader view of the problem and protect you from wasting your time on potential promising (but not so useful) ideas.
2. Negative results improve research completeness. When we present an approach, it’s essential to not only show why it solves problems well, but also why it solves problems better than other similar approaches.
3. While I wouldn’t recommend my extension of the Hyndman-Fan Type 7 quantile estimator to the k order statistics case as the default quantile estimator, there are some specific cases where it could be useful. For example, if we estimate the median based on small samples from a symmetric light-tailed distribution, it could outperform not only the original version but also the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator. The “negativity” of the negative results always exists in a specific context. So, there may be cases when negative results for the general case transform to positive results for a particular niche problem.
4. Finally, it’s my personal blog, so I have the freedom to write on any topic I like. My blog posts are not publications to scientific journals (which typically don’t welcome negative results), but rather research notes about conducted experiments. It’s important for me to keep records of all the experiments I perform regardless of the usefulness of the results.

So, let’s briefly look at the results of this not-so-useful approach.

## Quantile estimators based on k order statistics, Part 1: Motivation

It’s not easy to choose a good quantile estimator. In my previous posts, I considered several groups of quantile estimators:

Unfortunately, all of these estimators have significant drawbacks (e.g., poor statistical efficiency or poor robustness). In this post, I want to discuss all of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and suggest another family of quantile estimators that are based on k order statistics.

## Avoiding over-trimming with the trimmed Harrell-Davis quantile estimator

Previously, I already discussed the trimmed modification of the Harrell-Davis quantile estimator several times. I performed several numerical simulations that compare the statistical efficiency of this estimator with the efficiency of the classic Harrell-Davis quantile estimator (HDQE) and its winsorized modification; I showed how we can improve the efficiency using custom trimming strategies and how to choose a good trimming threshold value.

In the heavy-tailed cases, the trimmed HDQE provides better estimations than the classic HDQE because of its higher breakdown point. However, in the light-tailed cases, we could get efficiency that is worse than the baseline Hyndman-Fan Type 7 (HF7) quantile estimator. In many cases, such an effect arises because of the over-trimming effect. If the trimming percentage is too high or if the evaluated quantile is too far from the median, the trimming strategy based on the highest-density interval may lead to an estimation that is based on single order statistics. In this case, we get an efficiency level similar to the Hyndman-Fan Type 1-3 quantile estimators (which are also based on single order statistics). In the light-tailed case, such a result is less preferable than Hyndman-Fan Type 4-9 quantile estimators (which are based on two subsequent order statistics).

In order to improve the situation, we could introduce the lower bound for the number of order statistics that contribute to the final quantile estimations. In this post, I look at some numerical simulations that compare trimmed HDQEs with different lower bounds.