DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report

Research paper covering DeepSeek-V3
By deepseek-aiDeepSeek-V3.

Training costs

Table 1: Training costs of DeepSeek-V3, assuming the rental price of H800 is $2 per GPU hour (page 5)

Abstract

We present DeepSeek-V3, a strong Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model with 671B total parameters with 37B activated for each token. To achieve efficient inference and cost-effective training, DeepSeek-V3 adopts Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) and DeepSeekMoE architectures, which were thoroughly validated in DeepSeek-V2. Furthermore, DeepSeek-V3 pioneers an auxiliary-loss-free strategy for load balancing and sets a multi-token prediction training objective for stronger performance. We pre-train DeepSeek-V3 on 14.8 trillion diverse and high-quality tokens, followed by Supervised Fine-Tuning and Reinforcement Learning stages to fully harness its capabilities. Comprehensive evaluations reveal that DeepSeek-V3 outperforms other open-source models and achieves performance comparable to leading closed-source models. Despite its excellent performance, DeepSeek-V3 requires only 2.788M H800 GPU hours for its full training. In addition, its training process is remarkably stable. Throughout the entire training process, we did not experience any irrecoverable loss spikes or perform any rollbacks. The model checkpoints are available at https://github.com/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3.

Reference

DeepSeek-AI, Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, Damai Dai, Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Deli Chen, Dongjie Ji, Erhang Li, Fangyun Lin, Fucong Dai, Fuli Luo, Guangbo Hao, Guanting Chen, Guowei Li, H. Zhang, Han Bao, Hanwei Xu, Haocheng Wang, Haowei Zhang, Honghui Ding, Huajian Xin, Huazuo Gao, Hui Li, Hui Qu, J. L. Cai, Jian Liang, Jianzhong Guo, Jiaqi Ni, Jiashi Li, Jiawei Wang, Jin Chen, Jingchang Chen, Jingyang Yuan, Junjie Qiu, Junlong Li, Junxiao Song, Kai Dong, Kai Hu, Kaige Gao, Kang Guan, Kexin Huang, Kuai Yu, Lean Wang, Lecong Zhang, Lei Xu, Leyi Xia, Liang Zhao, Litong Wang, Liyue Zhang, Meng Li, Miaojun Wang, Mingchuan Zhang, Minghua Zhang, Minghui Tang, Mingming Li, Ning Tian, Panpan Huang, Peiyi Wang, Peng Zhang, Qiancheng Wang, Qihao Zhu, Qinyu Chen, Qiushi Du, R. J. Chen, R. L. Jin, Ruiqi Ge, Ruisong Zhang, Ruizhe Pan, Runji Wang, Runxin Xu, Ruoyu Zhang, Ruyi Chen, S. S. Li, Shanghao Lu, Shangyan Zhou, Shanhuang Chen, Shaoqing Wu, Shengfeng Ye, Shengfeng Ye, Shirong Ma, Shiyu Wang, Shuang Zhou, Shuiping Yu, Shunfeng Zhou, Shuting Pan, T. Wang, Tao Yun, Tian Pei, Tianyu Sun, W. L. Xiao, Wangding Zeng, Wanjia Zhao, Wei An, Wen Liu, Wenfeng Liang, Wenjun Gao, Wenqin Yu, Wentao Zhang, X. Q. Li, Xiangyue Jin, Xianzu Wang, Xiao Bi, Xiaodong Liu, Xiaohan Wang, Xiaojin Shen, Xiaokang Chen, Xiaokang Zhang, Xiaosha Chen, Xiaotao Nie, Xiaowen Sun, Xiaoxiang Wang, Xin Cheng, Xin Liu, Xin Xie, Xingchao Liu, Xingkai Yu, Xinnan Song, Xinxia Shan, Xinyi Zhou, Xinyu Yang, Xinyuan Li, Xuecheng Su, Xuheng Lin, Y. K. Li, Y. Q. Wang, Y. X. Wei, Y. X. Zhu, Yang Zhang, Yanhong Xu, Yanhong Xu, Yanping Huang, Yao Li, Yao Zhao, Yaofeng Sun, Yaohui Li, Yaohui Wang, Yi Yu, Yi Zheng, Yichao Zhang, Yifan Shi, Yiliang Xiong, Ying He, Ying Tang, Yishi Piao, Yisong Wang, Yixuan Tan, Yiyang Ma, Yiyuan Liu, Yongqiang Guo, Yu Wu, Yuan Ou, Yuchen Zhu, Yuduan Wang, Yue Gong, Yuheng Zou, Yujia He, Yukun Zha, Yunfan Xiong, Yunxian Ma, Yuting Yan, Yuxiang Luo, Yuxiang You, Yuxuan Liu, Yuyang Zhou, Z. F. Wu, Z. Z. Ren, Zehui Ren, Zhangli Sha, Zhe Fu, Zhean Xu, Zhen Huang, Zhen Zhang, Zhenda Xie, Zhengyan Zhang, Zhewen Hao, Zhibin Gou, Zhicheng Ma, Zhigang Yan, Zhihong Shao, Zhipeng Xu, Zhiyu Wu, Zhongyu Zhang, Zhuoshu Li, Zihui Gu, Zijia Zhu, Zijun Liu, Zilin Li, Ziwei Xie, Ziyang Song, Ziyi Gao, Zizheng Pan “DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report” (2024) arXiv:2412.19437

@Article{deepseek-ai2024,
  arxiv = {2412.19437},
  title = {DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report},
  year = {2024},
  month = {12},
  day = {27},
  author = {DeepSeek-AI,  and Liu, Aixin and Feng, Bei and Xue, Bing and Wang, Bingxuan and Wu, Bochao and Lu, Chengda and Zhao, Chenggang and Deng, Chengqi and Zhang, Chenyu and Ruan, Chong and Dai, Damai and Guo, Daya and Yang, Dejian and Chen, Deli and Ji, Dongjie and Li, Erhang and Lin, Fangyun and Dai, Fucong and Luo, Fuli and Hao, Guangbo and Chen, Guanting and Li, Guowei and Zhang, H. and Bao, Han and Xu, Hanwei and Wang, Haocheng and Zhang, Haowei and Ding, Honghui and Xin, Huajian and Gao, Huazuo and Li, Hui and Qu, Hui and Cai, J. L. and Liang, Jian and Guo, Jianzhong and Ni, Jiaqi and Li, Jiashi and Wang, Jiawei and Chen, Jin and Chen, Jingchang and Yuan, Jingyang and Qiu, Junjie and Li, Junlong and Song, Junxiao and Dong, Kai and Hu, Kai and Gao, Kaige and Guan, Kang and Huang, Kexin and Yu, Kuai and Wang, Lean and Zhang, Lecong and Xu, Lei and Xia, Leyi and Zhao, Liang and Wang, Litong and Zhang, Liyue and Li, Meng and Wang, Miaojun and Zhang, Mingchuan and Zhang, Minghua and Tang, Minghui and Li, Mingming and Tian, Ning and Huang, Panpan and Wang, Peiyi and Zhang, Peng and Wang, Qiancheng and Zhu, Qihao and Chen, Qinyu and Du, Qiushi and Chen, R. J. and Jin, R. L. and Ge, Ruiqi and Zhang, Ruisong and Pan, Ruizhe and Wang, Runji and Xu, Runxin and Zhang, Ruoyu and Chen, Ruyi and Li, S. S. and Lu, Shanghao and Zhou, Shangyan and Chen, Shanhuang and Wu, Shaoqing and Ye, Shengfeng and Ye, Shengfeng and Ma, Shirong and Wang, Shiyu and Zhou, Shuang and Yu, Shuiping and Zhou, Shunfeng and Pan, Shuting and Wang, T. and Yun, Tao and Pei, Tian and Sun, Tianyu and Xiao, W. L. and Zeng, Wangding and Zhao, Wanjia and An, Wei and Liu, Wen and Liang, Wenfeng and Gao, Wenjun and Yu, Wenqin and Zhang, Wentao and Li, X. Q. and Jin, Xiangyue and Wang, Xianzu and Bi, Xiao and Liu, Xiaodong and Wang, Xiaohan and Shen, Xiaojin and Chen, Xiaokang and Zhang, Xiaokang and Chen, Xiaosha and Nie, Xiaotao and Sun, Xiaowen and Wang, Xiaoxiang and Cheng, Xin and Liu, Xin and Xie, Xin and Liu, Xingchao and Yu, Xingkai and Song, Xinnan and Shan, Xinxia and Zhou, Xinyi and Yang, Xinyu and Li, Xinyuan and Su, Xuecheng and Lin, Xuheng and Li, Y. K. and Wang, Y. Q. and Wei, Y. X. and Zhu, Y. X. and Zhang, Yang and Xu, Yanhong and Xu, Yanhong and Huang, Yanping and Li, Yao and Zhao, Yao and Sun, Yaofeng and Li, Yaohui and Wang, Yaohui and Yu, Yi and Zheng, Yi and Zhang, Yichao and Shi, Yifan and Xiong, Yiliang and He, Ying and Tang, Ying and Piao, Yishi and Wang, Yisong and Tan, Yixuan and Ma, Yiyang and Liu, Yiyuan and Guo, Yongqiang and Wu, Yu and Ou, Yuan and Zhu, Yuchen and Wang, Yuduan and Gong, Yue and Zou, Yuheng and He, Yujia and Zha, Yukun and Xiong, Yunfan and Ma, Yunxian and Yan, Yuting and Luo, Yuxiang and You, Yuxiang and Liu, Yuxuan and Zhou, Yuyang and Wu, Z. F. and Ren, Z. Z. and Ren, Zehui and Sha, Zhangli and Fu, Zhe and Xu, Zhean and Huang, Zhen and Zhang, Zhen and Xie, Zhenda and Zhang, Zhengyan and Hao, Zhewen and Gou, Zhibin and Ma, Zhicheng and Yan, Zhigang and Shao, Zhihong and Xu, Zhipeng and Wu, Zhiyu and Zhang, Zhongyu and Li, Zhuoshu and Gu, Zihui and Zhu, Zijia and Liu, Zijun and Li, Zilin and Xie, Ziwei and Song, Ziyang and Gao, Ziyi and Pan, Zizheng}
}