The Navruz-Özdemir quantile estimator suggests the following equation to estimate the \(p^\textrm{th}\) quantile of sample \(X\):
\[\begin{split} \operatorname{NO}_p = & \Big( (3p-1)X_{(1)} + (2-3p)X_{(2)} - (1-p)X_{(3)} \Big) B_0 +\\ & +\sum_{i=1}^n \Big((1-p)B_{i-1}+pB_i\Big)X_{(i)} +\\ & +\Big( -pX_{(n-2)} + (3p-1)X_{(n-1)} + (2-3p)X_{(n)} \Big) B_n \end{split} \]
where \(B_i = B(i; n, p)\) is probability mass function of the binomial distribution \(B(n, p)\), \(X_{(i)}\) are order statistics of sample \(X\).
In this post, I derive these equations following the paper “A new quantile estimator with weights based on a subsampling approach” (2020) by Gözde Navruz and A. Fırat Özdemir. Also, I add some additional explanations, simplify the final equation, and provide reference implementations in C# and R.
Preparation
The first steps exactly match the preparation performed for the Sfakianakis-Verginis quantile estimator. Consider sample \(X = \{ X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_n \}\) (\(n \geq 3\)). Let \(X_{(1)}, X_{(2)}, \ldots, X_{(n)}\) be the order statistics of this sample (\(X_{(k)}\) is the \(k^\textrm{th}\) smallest element). Now let’s build the following intervals:
\[S_0 = \big(L, X_{(1)} \big),\; S_1 = \big[X_{(1)}, X_{(2)} \big), \ldots, S_{n-1} = \big[X_{(n-1)},X_{n} \big),\; S_{(n)} = \big[X_{(n)}, U \big) \]
where \(L\) and \(U\) are lower and upper bounds for \(X\) values (\(L\) and \(U\) could be equal to \(-\infty\) and \(\infty\)).
We want to estimate \(p^\textrm{th}\) quantile \(Q_p\). Obviously, \(Q_p\) should belong to one of the \(S_i\) intervals (because they cover all possible \(Q_p\) values). With the help of \(Q_p\), we can introduce variables \(\delta_i\):
\[\delta_i = \begin{cases} 1 & \textrm{if}\; X_i \leq Q_p,\\ 0 & \textrm{if}\; X_i > Q_p. \end{cases} \]
Since \(Q_p\) is the \(p^\textrm{th}\) quantile, the probability of \((X_i \leq Q_p)\) is \(p\) and the probability of \((X_i > Q_p)\) is \(1-p\). Thus, \(\delta_i\) belongs to the bernoulli distribution: \(\delta_i \sim \textrm{Bernoulli}(p)\).
Next, consider the sum of \(\delta_i\) values:
\[N = \delta_1 + \delta_2 + \ldots + \delta_{n-1} + \delta_n. \]
Since \(\delta_i\) are independent variables from the Bernoulli distribution, their sum belongs to the binomial distribution: \(N \sim \textrm{Binomial(n, p)}\). Now we can get the probability of \(Q_p \in S_i\):
\[P(Q_p \in S_i) = P(N = i) = B(i; n, p) = {n \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{(n-k)}. \]
Let \(Q'_{p,i}\) be a point estimator of \(Q_p\) conditioned on the event \(Q_p \in S_i\). With the help of \(Q'_{p,i}\), we could introduce a quantile estimator:
\[Q_p \approx \operatorname{E}(Q'_p) = \sum_{i=0}^n P(Q_p \in S_i) \cdot Q'_{p,i}. \]
The Navruz-Özdemir quantile estimator
In [Sfakianakis2008], Michael E. Sfakianakis and Dimitris G. Verginis described three options to choose \(Q'_p\):
\[\begin{split} \operatorname{SV1}_p:\quad & Q'_{p,i} = (X_{(i)}+X_{(i+1)}) / 2\\ \operatorname{SV2}_p:\quad & Q'_{p,i} = X_{(i+1)}\\ \operatorname{SV3}_p:\quad & Q'_{p,i} = X_{(i)}\\ \end{split} \]
Based on these assumptions, they got three different quantile estimators:
\[\begin{split} \operatorname{SV1}_p =& \frac{B_0}{2} \big( X_{(1)}+X_{(2)}-X_{(3)} \big) + \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{B_i+B_{i-1}}{2} X_{(i)} + \frac{B_n}{2} \big(- X_{(n-2)}+X_{(n-1)}-X_{(n)} \big),\\ \operatorname{SV2}_p =& \sum_{i=1}^{n} B_{i-1} X_{(i)} + B_n \cdot \big(2X_{(n)} - X_{(n-1)}\big),\\ \operatorname{SV3}_p =& \sum_{i=1}^n B_i X_{(i)} + B_0 \cdot \big(2X_{(1)}-X_{(2)}\big). \end{split} \]
In [Navruz2020], Gözde Navruz and A. Fırat Özdemir suggested another way to choose \(Q'_{p,i}\):
\[\operatorname{NO}_p:\quad Q'_{p,i} = pX_{(i)} + (1-p) X_{(i+1)} \]
Also, following [Sfakianakis2008], they used the following assumptions for \(Q'_{p,0}\) and \(Q'_{p,n}\):
\[Q'_{p,0}-Q'_{p,1} = Q'_{p,1} - Q'_{p,2}; \quad Q'_{p,n} - Q'_{p,n-1} = Q'_{p,n-1}-Q'_{p,n-2}. \]
Thus, we have:
\[\begin{split} Q'_{p,0} = & 2Q'_{p,1} - Q'_{p,2} &= 2pX_{(1)}+2(1-p)X_{(2)} - pX_{(2)} - (1-p)X_{(3)} \\ & &= 2pX_{(1)} + (2-3p)X_{(2)} - (1-p)X_{(3)},\\ Q'_{p,n} = & 2Q'_{p,n-1} - Q'_{p,n-2} &= 2pX_{(n-1)}+2(1-p)X_{(n)} - pX_{(n-2)} - (1-p)X_{(n-1)}\\ & &= -pX_{(n-2)} + (3p-1)X_{(n-1)} + 2(1-p)X_{(n)}. \end{split} \]
Let’s also denote \(B(i; n, p)\) (the probability mass function os the binomial distribution \(B(n, p)\)) as \(B_i\) to make the equations more readable.
Let’s start to derive the equation for the Navruz-Özdemir quantile estimator. Here is the first step:
\[\operatorname{NO}_p = \sum_{i=0}^n P(Q_p \in S_i) \cdot Q'_{p,i} =B_0 Q'_{p,0} + \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} B_i \cdot (pX_{(i)} + (1-p)X_{(i+1)}) + B_n Q'_{p,n} \]
It gives us the following expression:
\[\begin{split} \operatorname{NO}_p = & \big( 2pX_{(1)} + (2-3p)X_{(2)} - (1-p)X_{(3)} \big) B_0 + \\ & pX_{(1)}B_1 + (1-p)X_{(2)}B_1 + pX_{(2)}B_2 + (1-p)X_{(3)}B_2 \ldots + pX_{(n-1)}B_n + (1-p)X_{(n)}B_n +\\ & \big( -pX_{(n-2)} + (3p-1)X_{(n-1)} + 2(1-p)X_{(n)} \big) B_n \end{split} \]
By regrouping the equation members, we get the final equation:
\[\begin{split} \operatorname{NO}_p = & \Big( (3p-1)X_{(1)} + (2-3p)X_{(2)} - (1-p)X_{(3)} \Big) B_0 +\\ & +\sum_{i=1}^n \Big((1-p)B_{i-1}+pB_i\Big)X_{(i)} +\\ & +\Big( -pX_{(n-2)} + (3p-1)X_{(n-1)} + (2-3p)X_{(n)} \Big) B_n \end{split} \]
In [Navruz2020], the estimator has slightly different representation:
\[\begin{split} NO_q = & \big(B(0;n,q)2q + B(1;n,q)q\big)X_{(1)} + B(0;n,q)(2-3q)X_{(2)} - B(0;n,q)(1-q)X_{(3)} \\ & + \sum_{i=1}^{n-2} \big( B(i;n,q)(1-q) + B(i+1;n,q)q \big) X_{(i+1)} - B(n;n,q)qX_{(n-2)} \\ & + B(n;n,q)(3q-1)X_{(n-1)} + \big(B(n-1;n,q)(1-q)+B(n;n,q)(2-2q)\big)X_{(n)}. \end{split} \]
Reference implementation
If you use R, here is the function that you can use in your scripts:
noquantile <- function(x, probs) {
n <- length(x)
if (n <= 2)
return(quantile(x, probs))
x <- sort(x)
sapply(probs, function(p) {
B <- function(x) dbinom(x, n, p)
(B(0) * 2 * p + B(1) * p) * x[1] +
B(0) * (2 - 3 * p) * x[2] -
B(0) * (1 - p) * x[3] +
sum(sapply(1:(n-2), function(i)
(B(i) * (1 - p) + B(i + 1) * p) * x[i + 1])) -
B(n) * p * x[n - 2] +
B(n) * (3 * p - 1) * x[n - 1] +
(B(n - 1) * (1 - p) + B(n) * (2 - 2 * p)) * x[n]
})
}
If you use C#, you can take an implementation from
the latest nightly version (0.3.0-nightly.90+) of Perfolizer
(you need NavruzOzdemirQuantileEstimator).
References
- [Sfakianakis2008]
Sfakianakis, Michael E., and Dimitris G. Verginis. “A new family of nonparametric quantile estimators.” Communications in Statistics—Simulation and Computation® 37, no. 2 (2008): 337-345.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03610910701790491 - [Navruz2020]
Navruz, Gözde, and A. Fırat Özdemir. “A new quantile estimator with weights based on a subsampling approach.” British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 73, no. 3 (2020): 506-521.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12198